stout
音标：
英音/ staʊt / 美音/ staʊt /
听听基本释意：
外刊例句：
Such trees, gnarly and stout, can live for hundreds of years on the harsh, stony landscape of the higher elevations.
这种树木粗糙而粗壮，可以在海拔较高的严酷多石地貌中生存数百年。
—Washington Post
To one side, in body armour and uniform caked with mud from the trenches, stands the stout man who found him.
一侧站着那个发现他的矮胖男子，他穿着防弹衣，制服上沾满了战壕里的泥土。
—BBC
His most impressive play, in fact, might have been an 80-move loss to Caruana in Round 4, when Niemann put up a stout, resourceful resistance before finally succumbing with a late blunder.
事实上，他最令人印象深刻的比赛可能是在第 4 轮中以 80 步输给卡鲁阿纳，当时尼曼进行了顽强而足智多谋的抵抗，最终因最后的失误而屈服。
—Washington Times
基本释意：
adjective
having rugged physical strength; inured to fatigue or hardships
（人）肥胖的，壮实的；厚而结实的；不屈不挠的，顽强的
同义词：
hardy,stalwart,sturdy,stalwart,portly
短释义：
Most supermodels would not want to be described as stout, which is often a nicer way of saying “fat.” But a little teapot doesn’t mind being “short and stout.” Something stout is dependable, too, like your favorite snow boots that keep your feet dry winter after winter. Since it also means “sturdy,” if you call that supermodel stout when he prances through the finish line of a triathlon, he’ll just pump his fist in agreement.
粗壮的形容词是肥厚、可靠或坚固的东西。如果有人说你粗壮，在你哭起来、不吃晚饭之前，先问问他们到底是什么意思。这可能是一种赞美！
长释义：
Most supermodels would not want to be described as stout, which is often a nicer way of saying “fat.” But a little teapot doesn’t mind being “short and stout.” Something stout is dependable, too, like your favorite snow boots that keep your feet dry winter after winter. Since it also means “sturdy,” if you call that supermodel stout when he prances through the finish line of a triathlon, he’ll just pump his fist in agreement.
大多数超模不希望被描述为“粗壮”，这通常是“肥胖”的更好表达方式。但小茶壶并不介意“又短又粗”。坚固的东西也很可靠，比如你最喜欢的雪地靴，它可以让你的脚在一个又一个冬天保持干爽。因为它也有“坚固”的意思，如果你在这位超级名模昂首阔步冲过铁人三项终点线时称他为“壮实”，他只会挥舞拳头表示同意。
文学例句：
Then I grabbed a stout branch and jumped.
然后我抓起一根粗壮的树枝跳了起来。
—Lost Boy, Lost Girl by John Bul Dau
The man standing behind her is stout and florid, with shaggy auburn hair.
站在她身后的男人身材矮胖，面色红润，有一头蓬乱的赤褐色头发。
—Orphan Train by Christina Baker Kline
The iguanodon’s thumb has been placed on its nose, as a kind of spike, and it stands on four sturdy legs, making it look like a rather stout and awkwardly overgrown dog.
禽龙的拇指被放在鼻子上，就像一种尖刺，它立在四根粗壮的腿上，使它看起来像一只相当粗壮、笨拙的杂草丛生的狗。
—A Short History of Nearly Everything by Bill Bryson
词源：
stout (adj.)c. 1300, stoute, “valiant, brave,” also “proud, haughty; skilled in battle; fierce, cruel,” senses now obsolete, from Old French estout “brave, fierce, proud,” earlier estolt “strong,” from a Germanic source from West Germanic *stult- “proud, stately, strutting” (source also of Middle Low German stolt “stately, proud,” German stolz “proud, haughty, arrogant, stately”). This is reconstructed to be from PIE root *stel- “to put, stand, put in order,” with derivatives referring to a standing object or place.
The meaning “strong in body, powerfully built,” in reference to a person or animal, is attested from c. 1300 and developed as a major sense by 15c., but it largely has been displaced by the (often euphemistic) meaning “thick-bodied, fat and large, bulky in figure,” which is recorded by 1804. Of things, “strongly built, solid,” from c. 1400.
The oldest sense is preserved in figurative phrase stout-hearted “having a brave heart, of undaunted courage” (1550s). The Germanic group also seems to have had a sense development toward “stupid,” as in Middle Low German stolz, Dutch stout, which also could mean “stupid,” perhaps by influence of Italian stolto “silly,” from Latin stultus. Related: Stoutly; stoutness.
Related entries & more
下面是词源的翻译（机器翻译比较难翻，参考着看）
粗壮（形容词）c. 1300, stout，“英勇的，勇敢的”，也“骄傲的，傲慢的；善于战斗；凶猛的，残酷的”，现在已经过时了，来自古法语 estout “勇敢的，凶猛的，骄傲的”，早期的 estolt “强大的”，来自日耳曼语源自西日耳曼语 *stult-“骄傲、庄严、昂首阔步”（也源自中古低地德语 stolt“庄严、骄傲”，德语 stolz“骄傲、傲慢、傲慢、庄严”）。它被重构为来自 PIE 词根 *stel-“放置、站立、按顺序放置”，派生词指的是站立的物体或地方。对于人或动物来说，“身体强壮，体格健壮”的意思是从c. 1300 年，到 15 世纪发展为主要含义，但它在很大程度上已被（通常是委婉的）含义所取代，意思是“厚实的、肥胖的、大的、身材庞大的”，这是在 1804 年记录的。 ，固体”，来自c。 1400.最古老的含义保留在比喻短语stout-heart中“拥有勇敢的心，无畏的勇气”（1550年代）。日耳曼语族似乎也有一种向“愚蠢”的含义发展，如中古低地德语 stolz、荷兰语 stout，这也可能意味着“愚蠢”，也许是受到来自拉丁语 stultus 的意大利语 stolto“愚蠢”的影响。相关：坚决；腴。相关条目及更多
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