painstaking
音标：
英音/ ˈpeɪnzteɪkɪŋ / 美音/ ˈpeɪnzteɪkɪŋ /
听听基本释意：
外刊例句：
A total of 36 matches were confirmed as the authorities went through the painstaking process and continued to carry out tests on remains retrieved from the site.
当局经过艰苦的过程，并继续对从现场打捞上来的遗骸进行检测，总共确认了36处匹配。
—New York Times
Removing and preserving his works from walls and pavements is a costly and painstaking business.
从墙壁和人行道上拆除并保存他的作品是一项成本高昂且艰苦的工作。
—BBC
The medieval floor has had painstaking restoration work, taking off centuries of grime, but the Abbey’s head conservator Vanessa Simeoni says much of the stone is original.
中世纪的地板经过了艰苦的修复工作，清除了几个世纪的污垢，但修道院的首席管理员凡妮莎·西梅奥尼 (Vanessa Simeoni) 表示，大部分石头都是原始的。
—BBC
基本释意：
adjective
characterized by extreme care and great effort
刻苦的，下苦功的
同义词：
conscientious,scrupulous
短释义：
Painstaking is most commonly paired with detail — in fact, writers might like to avoid the phrase “painstaking detail” as clichéd. In contemporary usage, the agony implied by the word often seems to be shared by both the person who makes a painstaking effort and the person confronted with the fruits of that labor: “Gertrude’s ability to appear politely interested was tested as her dinner companion related his painstaking attempts to establish himself as the true heir to the British throne.”
如果你注意到“pasching”是由“pains”和“takes”组成的，那么你就已经很清楚这个形容词的含义了：“bepasching”就是如此小心、如此细致、如此彻底，以致于感到痛苦。
长释义：
Painstaking is most commonly paired with detail — in fact, writers might like to avoid the phrase “painstaking detail” as clichéd. In contemporary usage, the agony implied by the word often seems to be shared by both the person who makes a painstaking effort and the person confronted with the fruits of that labor: “Gertrude’s ability to appear politely interested was tested as her dinner companion related his painstaking attempts to establish himself as the true heir to the British throne.”
煞费苦心通常与细节搭配在一起——事实上，作家可能希望避免“煞费苦心的细节”这个陈词滥调的说法。在当代用法中，这个词所隐含的痛苦似乎常常由付出艰苦努力的人和面对劳动成果的人共同承担：“格特鲁德礼貌地表现出感兴趣的能力受到了考验，因为她的晚餐同伴讲述了他的经历。艰苦的努力使自己成为英国王位的真正继承人。”
文学例句：
His scribbled knots of lines are measured in leagues and compass degrees with painstaking detail.
他潦草的线条结以里格和罗盘度数为单位，细致入微。
—Challenger Deep by Neal Shusterman
Even for Barnard’s Star, the investigation must be painstaking, a search for microscopic displacements of position on photographic plates exposed at the telescope over a period of decades.
即使对于巴纳德之星，调查也必须是艰苦的，寻找望远镜曝光的照相底片上数十年的微小位置位移。
—Cosmos by Carl Sagan
“I know it’s a complex topic, and I’ll be sure to go over painstaking details at a later time, after we clean up the mess you made, but right now…”
“我知道这是一个复杂的话题，在我们清理掉你造成的混乱之后，我一定会在稍后的时间仔细讨论细节，但现在……”
—Tristan Strong Punches a Hole in the Sky by Kwame Mbalia
词源：
painstaking 1550s, paynes taking, “assiduous and careful labor” (n.), 1690s, “characterized by close or conscientious application, laborious and careful” (adj.), from plural of pain (n.) in the “exertion, effort” sense + present participle of take (v.). Related: Painstakingly.Related entries & more
下面是词源的翻译（机器翻译比较难翻，参考着看）
艰苦的 1550 年代，佩恩斯采取，“勤奋和细心的劳动”（n.），1690 年代，“以密切或认真的应用为特征，费力和小心”（形容词），来自“努力，努力”中的痛苦（n.）的复数“ 意义 + take 的现在分词 (v.)。相关：煞费苦心。相关条目及更多
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