gall
音标：
美音：/ɡɔːl/，英音：/ɡɔːl/
听听基本释意：
外刊例句：
It was particularly galling to officers because even if they did track down one of the border migrants, they weren’t arresting or detaining them, merely issuing new paperwork, officers said.
官员们说，这对官员来说尤其令人恼火，因为即使他们确实找到了一名边境移民，他们也不会逮捕或拘留他们，而只是签发新的文件。
—Washington Times
Wrongheaded assumptions hurt progress in nearly every field of human endeavor, but they are particularly galling when they affect children.
错误的假设几乎损害了人类努力的每个领域的进步，但当它们影响到儿童时，它们尤其令人恼火。
—Washington Post
Nonetheless, a number of the newly detailed practices are galling.
尽管如此，一些新的详细做法令人恼火。
—Washington Post
基本释意：
noun
a digestive juice secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder; aids in the digestion of fats
n. 胆汁；五倍子；怨恨；苦味
同义词：
bile,cheekiness,crust,freshness,impertinence,impudence,insolence,irk,bitterness,rancor,rancour,resentment,saddle sore,chafe,fret
短释义：
Gall describes something irritating, like someone very rude. If you barge into a bakery and cut in front of a sweet old lady, then you have gall.
Gall 描述了一些令人恼火的事情，比如非常粗鲁的人。如果你闯入一家面包店并在一位可爱的老太太面前插嘴，那么你就得了胆汁。
长释义：
If someone has gall, they’re irritating. In fact, as a verb, gall means “to irritate” like new tight jeans that gall your thighs. Gall is “bile,” too, like what’s in a gall bladder. Back in the days of Hippocrates, if the four humors of the body were out of whack, it affected your spirits. If you had too much bile, or gall, then you’d be aggressive or depressed. It’s also a noun for “deep feeling of ill will.”
如果有人有胆汁，他们会很恼火。事实上，作为一个动词，gall 的意思是“刺激”，就像新的紧身牛仔裤磨破你的大腿一样。 Gall 也是“胆汁”，就像胆囊中的东西一样。回到希波克拉底时代，如果身体的四种体液失调，就会影响你的精神。如果你的胆汁或胆汁过多，你就会变得好斗或抑郁。它也是“深深的恶意”的名词。
文学例句：
We none of us can abide too much longer this containment, trapped here as we all eat our diet of galling news and the smoke of ruin.
我们谁都不能忍受这种收容太久，被困在这里，因为我们都在吃令人痛苦的消息和毁灭的烟雾。
—The Astonishing Life of Octavian Nothing, Traitor to the Nation, Volume II: The Kingdom on the Waves by M.T. Anderson
Or “See how I can make the ink blacker by mixing soot with the boiled oak galls.”
或者“看看我如何通过将烟灰与煮熟的橡木胆混合来使墨水变黑。”
—The Midwife’s Apprentice by Karen Cushman
“Well, Sarah is fun. I’m fun,” he has the gall to say.
“嗯，莎拉很有趣。我很有趣，”他有胆量说。
—Saints and Misfits by S.K. Ali
词源：
gall (n.1)”bile, liver secretion,” Old English galla (Anglian), gealla (West Saxon) “gall, bile,” from Proto-Germanic *gallon “bile” (source also of Old Norse gall “gall, bile; sour drink,” Old Saxon galle, Old High German galla, German Galle), from PIE root *ghel- (2) “to shine,” with derivatives denoting “green, yellow,” and thus “bile, gall.” Informal sense of “impudence, boldness” first recorded American English 1882; but meaning “embittered spirit, rancor” is from c. 1200, from the old medicine theory of humors.Related entries & more
下面是词源的翻译（机器翻译比较难翻，参考着看）
gall (n.1)“胆汁，肝脏分泌物”，古英语 galla（盎格鲁语），gealla（西撒克逊语）“胆汁，胆汁”，源自原始日耳曼语 *gallon“胆汁”（也源自古挪威语 gall“gall，胆汁；酸饮料，”古撒克逊 galle、古高地德语 galla、德语 Galle)，源自 PIE 词根 *ghel- (2)“闪耀”，其派生词表示“绿色、黄色”，因此表示“胆汁、胆汁”。非正式意义上的“impudence, boldness”最早出现在1882年的美国英语中；但意思是“苦涩的精神，怨恨”来自c。 1200，来自古老的体液医学理论。相关条目及更多
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