bureaucracy
音标：
英音/ bjʊəˈrɒkrəsi / 美音/ bjʊˈrɑːkrəsi /
听听基本释意：
外刊例句：
In its analysis of responses to the vaping consultation, the government said industry representatives and some public health bodies had opposed a three-tier structure, warning it could result in unintended consequences and create complex bureaucracy.
政府在对电子烟咨询反应的分析中表示，行业代表和一些公共卫生机构反对三层结构，警告这可能会导致意想不到的后果并产生复杂的官僚机构。
—BBC
He also suggests it employs “flim-flam artists” who were dragging the process out and burying the scheme in bureaucracy, while dismissing suggestions on how to speed matters up.
他还表示，该计划雇用了“胡言乱语的艺术家”，他们拖延了这一进程，并将该计划埋葬在官僚机构中，同时驳回了有关如何加快进程的建议。
—BBC
Sir Keir Starmer will tell business leaders he wants to “rip out” bureaucracy, and will ask the UK’s competition watchdog to prioritise growth.
凯尔·斯塔默爵士将告诉商界领袖，他希望“推翻”官僚主义，并将要求英国竞争监管机构优先考虑增长。
—BBC
基本释意：
noun
a government that is administered primarily by bureaus that are staffed with nonelective officials
官僚制度，官僚机构，官僚作风；官僚，政府官员
同义词：
没有找到同义词
短释义：
Bureaucracy has a bad reputation because it has come to mean an organization or government that is chin-deep in red tape and unnecessary procedures. When dealing with a bureaucracy, expect to fill out lots of forms and wait. Bureaucracies are mocked in the hilarious film “Brazil,” where people have mind-numbing jobs they do while sitting at desks. Bureaucracy is an organization administered by people behind desks, or bureaus. Bureaus, get it?
官僚机构是由许多部门和部门组成的组织，由许多人管理。如果您曾经处理过医疗保险或经济援助问题，您就会熟悉官僚主义的阴暗面。
长释义：
Bureaucracy has a bad reputation because it has come to mean an organization or government that is chin-deep in red tape and unnecessary procedures. When dealing with a bureaucracy, expect to fill out lots of forms and wait. Bureaucracies are mocked in the hilarious film “Brazil,” where people have mind-numbing jobs they do while sitting at desks. Bureaucracy is an organization administered by people behind desks, or bureaus. Bureaus, get it?
官僚主义名声不好，因为它意味着一个组织或政府深陷繁文缛节和不必要的程序。在与官僚机构打交道时，需要填写大量表格并等待。在搞笑电影《巴西》中，官僚机构受到嘲笑，人们坐在办公桌前从事着令人头脑麻木的工作。官僚机构是由办公桌或办公室后面的人员管理的组织。各局，明白了吗？
文学例句：
Pius VI., in fact, did not wish Consalvi to wear out his energies in the routine of administrative bureaucracy.
事实上，庇护六世不希望孔萨尔维在行政官僚机构的日常工作中耗尽精力。
—The Catholic World; Volume I, Issues 1-6
A Monthly Eclectic Magazine by Rameur, E.
But the great, great bulk of victims, Gentiles as well as Jews, remain here, and the rioters—the throne, the bureaucracy, the drones—remain with them.”
但大量的受害者，外邦人和犹太人，仍然留在这里，而暴乱者——王位、官僚机构、无人机——仍然和他们在一起。”
—The White Terror and The Red
A novel of revolutionary Russia by Cahan, Abraham
But educated Indians have been held back so many years by both poverty and a socialist bureaucracy that many of them seem more than ready to put up with the hours.
但受过教育的印度人多年来一直受到贫困和社会主义官僚机构的阻碍，以至于他们中的许多人似乎已经准备好忍受这些时间了。
—The World Is Flat by Thomas L. Friedman
词源：
bureaucracy (n.)”government by bureaus,” especially “tyrannical officialdom,” excessive multiplication of administrative bureaus and concentration of power in them, in reference to their tendency to interfere in private matters and be inefficient and inflexible, 1818, from French bureaucratie, coined by French economist Jean Claude Marie Vincent de Gournay (1712-1759) on model of democratie, aristocratie, from bureau “office,” literally “desk” (see bureau) + Greek suffix -kratia denoting “power of” (see -cracy).
That vast net-work of administrative tyranny … that system of
bureaucracy, which leaves no free agent in all France, except for the man at Paris who pulls the wires. [J.S. Mill, Westminster Review vol. xxviii, 1837]
bureaucrat, &c. The formation is so barbarous that all attempt at self-respect in pronunciation may perhaps as well be abandoned. [Fowler]
Related entries & more
下面是词源的翻译（机器翻译比较难翻，参考着看）
官僚主义（Bureaucraracy）“政府部门的政府”，特别是“专制的官场”，行政部门的过度繁衍和权力的集中，指的是它们干涉私人事务以及效率低下和缺乏灵活性的倾向，1818年，来自法国官僚机构，由法国经济学家 Jean Claude Marie Vincent de Gournay (1712-1759) 在民主、贵族模型上创造，来自局“办公室”，字面意思是“桌子”（参见 Bureau）+ 希腊后缀 -kratia 表示“权力”（参见 -cracy）。庞大的行政暴政网络……官僚体系，除了巴黎的操纵者之外，整个法国没有自由人。 [JS Mill，威斯敏斯特评论卷。 xxviii，1837]官僚等。这种形式是如此野蛮，以至于所有在发音中自尊的尝试也许都被放弃了。 [福勒] 相关条目及更多
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